Parshat Miketz (Genesis 41:1-44:17) – Shabbat Chanukah
Rabbi Shlomo Riskin

Efrat, Israel – “And from the last remnant of the oil flasks, a miracle was wrought for the Jewish People, and the Sages established eight days for song and jubilation” [“Ma’oz Tzur” Hanukkah hymn].

What is the most worrisome threat facing the Jewish People today? The threat from a nuclear-armed Iran and its terrorist proxy organization, Hezbollah, on Israel’s borders? Or is it perhaps epidemic levels of estrangement from traditional Jewish life, leading to sky-high assimilation and intermarriage rates in the diaspora? Both certainly have the capacity to inflict significant damage to our long-term future. Let us search for an answer to this perplexing dilemma by pondering the miraculous victory of Hanukkah, and the lessons it conveys.

Jewish history doesn’t repeat itself, but it rhymes, to paraphrase the famous aphorism attributed (incorrectly) to Mark Twain. Indeed, we see in the Maccabee rebellion more than 2,000 years ago similar, though not identical, themes. That rebellion had two components: One, an internal struggle against a Hellenized Jewish leadership that desired to transform Judea into a Greek city-state, trading in the one God of Israel for the pantheon on Mount Olympus. And two, an external battle against Greek-Syrian domination over the struggling Judaean state.

There is a fascinating halakhic detail concerning the proper location of the menorah (or “hanukkiah”, as it is known in modern Hebrew) that puts our issue into sharp focus.

Being mindful of the fact that the purpose of lighting Hanukkah candles is “pirsumei nissa”, publicizing the miracle of the holiday, the Talmud rules regarding the ideal location of the hanukkiah that “it is a mitzvah to place the Hanukkah light by the door of one’s home on the outside.” This will ensure optimal viewing by a maximum audience, thereby fulfilling “pirsumei nissa” in the best fashion.

The Talmud then acknowledges that logistics may render this impossible for some, so it adds, “If one dwells on an upper floor, he should place it at the window nearest the street.”

However, our Sages conclude, the rules change in a time of danger, in which case “it is sufficient to place it on the table” (Talmud, Shabbat 21b). In his halakhic compendium “Arukh HaShulhan”, Rabbi Yechiel Michel Epstein (1829-1908) points out even though the public will not see the Hanukkah light, there is no problem, since the mitzvah of publicizing the miracle in our times is directed toward the members of the household (Orah Hayyim, 671:5).

In contrast, “Har Tzvi”, the responsa of former Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem Rav Tzvi Pesach Frank (1873-1960), states that the custom in Jerusalem (and indeed the custom of most families in Israel) is to light the hanukkiah outside the front door. Can these two starkly differing opinions be reconciled?

We can explain this by noting that Hanukkah fundamentally celebrates a victory over both aforementioned threats to Jewish survival. The latter threat was an enemy from within, the threat of assimilation at the hands of Jewish Hellenists so desperate to become Greeks that they went through surgical procedures to erase the signs of circumcision.

Assimilation, the phenomenon of taking on the total identity of a host culture, from language to values to religion, had penetrated even the most sacrosanct chambers of the Jewish nation, the Holy Temple itself. A Jew named Menelaus, an extreme Hellenist who had plundered the gold vessels of the Temple, even bribed Greek-Syrian King Antiochus to become High Priest over Judea.

The rebellion of the Maccabees thus represented a double victory; a miracle that had to be publicized in the Temple as well as at home, for the outside world as well as within our own families!

I would go a step further and say that in fact, Arukh HaShulhan and Har Zvi are not disagreeing as much as placing emphasis on different aspects of the same truth. Namely, only if we succeed within our own families to inculcate the faith in our unique Jewish destiny do we have a chance to succeed in a military and ideological battle with the other nations of the world.

We must understand that being a light unto the nations and being a light unto one’s family is not a contradictory proposition. If we can convey this vital message to Jews who currently relate to Hanukkah as not much more than a Jewish parallel to another winter holiday, we will have discovered not only a means of stemming estrangement from Jewish life, but also a source for a resurgence of pride in our own traditions and mission to the world. This would indeed be an authentic Hanukkah victory in our generation.